1 20 5 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/77763/archive/files/edff4f59bcf9df107f6515f555425534.jpg?Expires=1784764800&Signature=ECUWiWJJEp4zL3KpOmH701Gd8bWpjqHS7yJT5D3CyhKejQfM0R-t6LOgzFOuJqW4OOLwUvYsCJwxZJ1bzd6YHgrnzP2F2I7SCZFHCQ-iDsvUzMy%7Ek0T%7EzfVIAurrUwywlDEgXD0GVVpZG1h%7E3g-r4hw9Bhcxnt1O1hpHzU%7E0adZiRDmX-ka3K6FTyVzhOdzrIJ58b3JDic3IPw-m7gRevCR12YuxBOr4eGFz6J-Spx-2Qyv%7EccjW4fTfHQjWfV2eeUvqmwtoNFFz%7EILuTd4MBtcrMSXmmlQceSW0b3aG0AWWif%7EKh539cB2xYEkmV1qr1v-n9MJYW%7Ev%7EfMVtDKy3EA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM a39ad3f78be1710b04ef644b74c51e71 https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/77763/archive/files/6ea2637628ef0ae136c527403264912c.jpg?Expires=1784764800&Signature=tDBAb%7EQfSoTtqFZbyPVjz9T760aGNuIoSO4ILzat5EHM4VGI-p8BZEF1HUI4Sloff120d2B30M445RQB5kP4MN-Mq3g7GZQ%7EWOBBFQGFImAX%7EtEfhbZuU-iHWhNzYDbt7-b5uL2LMFS1lMeSzPBQ9w770Zu8qyOxPYobTB8%7EeiQbECR48ICgGaBGkzbD-S1v9kwyTLKr%7EkbX0WyESk%7EszxX2xO9xbvS3VdshHt4TBoA0aypQhNKKsg1WogLkJnJqFDZQF53jiRyTRYLHjavxH0%7E1QiZOycG40OXbur%7E1Q-Vp1a%7E0%7ECWUATY%7EIJXsTdAhFwAoaeNwTDqzM1aEFbDy9Q__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 4774e702d83c1f4cc630f2e4dee8c68d Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Object or Group Name The common English name of the object or group of objects. Fresco Fragment from Paestum's Tomb 53 Case Summary Narrative summary of the object’s looting, identification by authorities and repatriation. In November 2013, federal agents seized a looted fresco fragment destined for Michael Steinhardt, the billionaire hedge fund titan turned antiquities collector. On April 19, 2011 the fresco was shipped to Steinhardt via FedEx from Kloten, Switzerland by Ramon Schwarz of Via Mat Artcare on behalf of Andrew Baker of Vaduz, Liechtenstein, according to the forfeiture complaint. On customs forms the object was described as being for “personal use” — as opposed to “for sale” — and its country of origin was declared to be Macedonia, the complaint stated. The customs broker, meanwhile, listed the country of origin as Morocco. The fresco never made it to Steinhardt. It was detained at Newark Liberty Airport by Customs and Border Protection agents, who requested a documented ownership history for the fresco. Schwarz provided an October 2011 affidavit of provenance signed by Baker stating the fresco originated in Macedonia, and had been acquired in 1959 by Lens Tschanned at a Swiss art gallery, and subsequently kept in his private residence. According to the affidavit, Baker claimed his company, Establissment Finagran, had shipped it to a potential buyer with an estimated sale price of US$12,000. Experts and Italian investigators came to a different conclusion, court records show. The fresco appears to have been looted from the Necropolis of Andriuolo, outside of the archaeological site of Paestum, near Salerno, Italy. Paestum is an ancient Greek settlement known for its painted tombs, and was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1998. A fresco excavated from Tomb 53 at Paestum and housed in the National Archaeological Museum of Paestum, stylistically matches the Steinhardt fresco, suggesting that they originated from the same tomb. In light of this evidence, the Steinhardt fresco's purported provenance in a "Swiss collection" before 1959, as well as the customs declaration citing its alleged Macedonian origin, were shown to be false, since Tomb 53 was not excavated until 1969. The looted fresco was returned to Italy after its seizure, and no criminal charges were filed. However, the investigation triggered additional law enforcement scrutiny of Steinhardt, whose 1991 purchase of a looted golden phiale from Sicily had previously sparked a legal dispute in which Steinhardt unsuccessfully challenged the US government's seizure of the bowl all the way to the Supreme Court. A criminal investigation of Steinhardt began in 2017, when authorities looked into his acquisition of a Bull's Head looted from Sidon that he loaned to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. The criminal investigation concluded in 2021 when Steinhardt entered into a non-prosecution agreement with the Manhattan District Attorney's Office, allowing him to avoid criminal prosecution in exchange for a lifetime ban on collecting antiquities and the forfeiture of 178 objects from his collection, valued at nearly USD 70 million. Object Type Type of object based on its function. Select from drop-down list. Visual Work – paintings, frescos, mosaics Number of Objects Count of objects reflected in this record. 1 Object Materials Material(s) that the object or group of objects is made of. Select from drop-down list. Terracotta Country of Origin The modern country of origin that this object came from (i.e. where it was found). Select from drop-down list. Italy Culture Ancient culture associated with the object. Greek Findspot Approximate site or location where the object was found (i.e. the archaeological provenience). Tomb 53 of Paestum Alleged Smuggler Person(s) who moved the object out of its country of origin. Andrew Baker of Vaduz, Liechtenstein Transportation or Storage Company Company that transported or stored the object. Via Mat Artcare Private Collector Person who acquired the object for their personal collection. Michael Steinhardt False Provenance A false story about the object’s ownership history, used to hide the illicit activities through which the object was trafficked. Andrew Baker’s affidavit stated the fresco had originated in Macedonia and been acquired in 1959 by Swiss gallerist Lens Tschanned, who had kept it in his private residence ever since. It was being shipped to a potential buyer and had an estimated sale price of USD $12,000, the affidavit said. Last Known Price, Valuation or Estimate The most recent reported price, valuation or estimate of the object. Should be displayed in USD, alongside list price in original currency. USD $12,000 Year of Last Price Year of the most recent reported price, valuation or estimate of the object. 2013 Repatriated? Repatriation status of the object. Select from drop-down list. Yes Year Returned Year of the return of the object to its country of origin. 2013 Sending Country Country from which the object was returned during repatriation. Select from drop-down list. USA Returning Entity Institution or individual that returned the object to its country of origin (not a law enforcement agency). Michael Steinhardt Prosecuting Entity The prosecutorial entity involved in the object’s repatriation. US Attorneys Office, Eastern District of New York Court Case and Number Title of the civil or criminal case and number (e.g. New York v. Subhash Kapoor, CR-022431-19NY). UNITED STATES OF AMERICA vs ONE TRIANGULAR FRESCO FRAGMENT Civil Docket No. CV 13-6286 Law Enforcement Entity The law enforcement entities that investigated the object before its repatriation. US Homeland Security Investigations US Customs and Border Protection Receiving Country Country that received the object during repatriation. Select from drop-down list. Italy Reason for Return Why the object was returned. Select from list: Law enforcement seizure; court ordered civil forfeiture; claim from country of origin; voluntary return absent a forfeiture or claim; or other. Court ordered civil forfeiture Sources Reliable sources of information related to the object and its repatriation. Preference to primary sources (court records, documents, archival sources) and authoritative secondary sources (media reports, blogs etc.). For links, use a stable URL via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.fo/7yA7B">Steinhardt Redux Feds Seize Fresco Looted from Italian World Heritage Site Destined for New York Billionaire</a> <a href="https://archive.ph/ZCKqW">United States v One Triangular Fresco Fragment</a> <a href="https://archive.fo/rtSFj">Michael Steinhardt, Billionaire, Surrenders $70 Million in Stolen Relics</a> Documents Link to key records or publications related to the object that are not available online. <a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24238402-frescopaestum-fragment-complaint-stamped-by-clerks-office-copy">https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24238402-frescopaestum-fragment-complaint-stamped-by-clerks-office-copy</a> <a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24238403-frescostipulation-of-settlement-signed">https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24238403-frescostipulation-of-settlement-signed</a> <a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24238404-pressreleasefresco-settlement">https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24238404-pressreleasefresco-settlement</a> Status Completion status of MOLA record. Select from drop-down list: Stub (Needs basic research), Incomplete (Missing key fields), In progress (Has been assigned), Ready for review (Complete; awaiting peer review) and Completed (Ready to publish). Only Completed records are made Public. Completed MOLA Contributor(s) Person(s) who contributed to the information in this record. Anonymous is an acceptable entry. Jason Felch Size General size of the object (numbered 1-5); 1 - small or fragmentary (e.g. coins or sherds) 2 - medium (e.g. most vases) 3 - large (e.g. between a bread box and an adult) 4 - extra large (i.e. adult human sized) 5 - monumental (larger than an adult human) 2 Peer Reviewed By Person who peer reviewed this record. Damien Huffer Lisa Duffy-Zeballos Value in 2024 US Dollars Value in 2024 US Dollars, adjusted for inflation. Use inflation calculator here: https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?from=EUR&to=USD&amount=1 15,693 Research Notes Any additional notes about research questions, issues or further research needed. <a href="https://archive.ph/rr7cd">Tomb Fragment from Paestum Returned to Italy</a> Are there other repatriations related to this particular event at ICE? Per the image? See Also Additional records within MOLA that are other objects of interest. These are objects related to a larger collection. Breakout records have omitted 2024 Value information and Number of Objects. <a href="https://mola.omeka.net/items/show/1212">Michael Steinhardt Collection </a> <a href="https://mola.omeka.net/items/show/1075">Gold Phiale</a> Description of Object(s) Provide a brief description of the object or objects in the record. A 4th century BCE Greek triangular fresco fragment depicting two figures facing each other. The taller figure appears to be holding a musical instrument to his or her lips. The shorter figure is bearded and appears to hold a spear. The lower corners of the triangle are decorated with pomegranate motifs. Creation Date Year this object was created, in years BCE/CE; use circa if presenting a range. Use specific year, decade or century. 4th century BCE Facilitator Person(s) involved in the trafficking of the object who did not own or sell it. Ramon Schwarz Operation Name The trafficking network, or the name given to investigation by law enforcement entity. Michael Steinhardt Investigations Criminal Behaviors Alleged Criminal behavior associated with the case. Please select all that apply. Document falsification Images Source of the images uploaded to this record. Images should be labeled A, B, C, etc. For links, use a stable URL via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.fo/zabFX">United States of American v. One Triangular Fresco Fragment</a> Image Captions Write a brief caption for each image included, providing context for what is shown. Images should be labeled A, B, C, etc. A: Triangular fresco fragment shipped to Steinhardt B: Matching fresco excavated from Paestum's Tomb 53 Dealer Person(s) who offered the object for sale. Andrew Baker of Vaduz, Liechtenstein Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Fresco Fragment from Paestum's Tomb 53 Italy Michael Steinhardt https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/77763/archive/files/fbfa1785ef3f741760b31dce439c3b98.jpeg?Expires=1784764800&Signature=Sv2i5oArkqQCyhTOV%7EDzxZLDPGqO9%7E%7E2t3XF5kJlMgtuwA724ux4RmJUH8izU1goxC1lKE7pjCQALKUrbRVOVEU8QoHj8ocvSyP0tahbOXxnlj60NTL0dfEBKgrQ8vJYnNWSHsjfzg-qK6gG1M7b6txLjCyT3%7EwHfkJzsmvMaxqmcJxK3rdrsRftEblPLBfINSSL3gWCJR5KtXi0eMjeem7WW1Wnn-ZqdLQVMTNrzxVEnfxTtQzzdPMAIM7w6yhGqIyKq3AOutkh1gp6-9H1ihgCwp2A69j6h1JlylqJ6DoN2%7ER-7s1SbCIdfUaWyNkJapzj%7E8L7IoxcrPsfNeKWDA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 2658fded88c66d5106eab308065220b7 Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Object or Group Name The common English name of the object or group of objects. Gold Phiale Number of Objects Count of objects reflected in this record. 1 Object Materials Material(s) that the object or group of objects is made of. Select from drop-down list. Gold Repatriated? Repatriation status of the object. Select from drop-down list. Yes Year Returned Year of the return of the object to its country of origin. 2000 Sending Country Country from which the object was returned during repatriation. Select from drop-down list. USA Law Enforcement Entity The law enforcement entities that investigated the object before its repatriation. United States Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) - Homeland Security Investigations (HSI) United States Customs Service Receiving Country Country that received the object during repatriation. Select from drop-down list. Italy Sources Reliable sources of information related to the object and its repatriation. Preference to primary sources (court records, documents, archival sources) and authoritative secondary sources (media reports, blogs etc.). For links, use a stable URL via Internet Archive. The Looting of Italy: The Case of the Golden Phiale <a href="http://illicitculturalproperty.com/not-just-bad-paperwork/">http://archive.archaeology.org/9805/abstracts/italy.html</a> Not Just Bad Paperwork <a href="http://illicitculturalproperty.com/not-just-bad-paperwork/">http://illicitculturalproperty.com/not-just-bad-paperwork/</a> United States v. an Antique Platter of Gold, 991 F. Supp. 222 (S.D.N.Y. 1997) <a href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/991/222/1806052/">https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/991/222/1806052/</a> Steinhardt v. United States - Opposition: Office of the Socilitor General <a href="https://www.justice.gov/osg/brief/steinhardt-v-united-states-opposition">https://www.justice.gov/osg/brief/steinhardt-v-united-states-opposition</a> Goldrich, I. (1999), "Balancing the Need for Repatriation of Illegally Removed Cultural Property with the Interests of Bona Fide Purchasers: Applying the UNIDROIT Convention to the Case of the Golden Phiale", Fordham International Law Journal 23(1), 118-164. Michael Steinhardt, Billionaire, Surrenders $70 Million in Stolen Relics <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/06/arts/design/steinhardt-billionaire-stolen-antiquities.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/06/arts/design/steinhardt-billionaire-stolen-antiquities.html</a> Crime of the Centuries: Tomb Raiders, Crooked Art Dealers, and Museum Curators Fed Michael Steinhardt Addiction to Antiquities. Many Were Also Stolen. <a href="https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/michael-steinhardt-antiquities-stolen-artifacts.html">https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/michael-steinhardt-antiquities-stolen-artifacts.html</a> MOLA Contributor(s) Person(s) who contributed to the information in this record. Anonymous is an acceptable entry. Liv Siefert Object Type Type of object based on its function. Select from drop-down list. Vessel – pots, amphorae, vases, kraters Description of Object(s) Provide a brief description of the object or objects in the record. The phiale is a 24-karat gold libation bowl, dated to the 4th century BCE. The platter, known as a 'phiale mesomphalos', was used by the ancient Greeks to honor their gods. The bowl would have begun as a two-pound solid piece of gold, before it was hammered by a master artisan into a shallow platter. After, shapes of acorns, beechnuts and bees were indented into the outer workings of the bowl. In the middle, a round knob symbolized the mythological navel of the universe. An inscription was also inscribed along the edge, written in a Greek-Doric dialect that was spoken in Sicilian-Greek colonies. Country of Origin The modern country of origin that this object came from (i.e. where it was found). Select from drop-down list. Italy Culture Ancient culture associated with the object. Greek Findspot Approximate site or location where the object was found (i.e. the archaeological provenience). Caltavuturo, Sicily Dealer Person(s) who offered the object for sale. Vincenzo Cammarata William Veres Robert Haber Expert Review Person(s) who analyzed the object or wrote about its authenticity, value or significance. Include here credit to people who identified the object as looted (relevant publications can be listed in Sources). Dr. Giacomo Manganaro, (a professor of Greek History and Numismatics in Sicily) Silvana Verga (Monuments and Fine Arts Bureau in Palermo, Sicily) Enzo Brai (an Italian photographer) Unknown official from the Metropolitan Museum of Art (who verified the authenticity of the phiale on January 6, 1992) Private Collector Person who acquired the object for their personal collection. Michael Steinhardt Year Acquired Year that the object was acquired by the institution. 1991 Museum Donation or Purchase? How did the museum acquire the object(s)? Select from drop-down list. Purchase Last Known Price, Valuation or Estimate The most recent reported price, valuation or estimate of the object. Should be displayed in USD, alongside list price in original currency. USD $1.2 million Year of Last Price Year of the most recent reported price, valuation or estimate of the object. 1991 Returning Entity Institution or individual that returned the object to its country of origin (not a law enforcement agency). Michael Steinhardt Prosecuting Entity The prosecutorial entity involved in the object’s repatriation. United States Attorney’s Office for the Southern District of New York (S.D.N.Y) Reason for Return Why the object was returned. Select from list: Law enforcement seizure; court ordered civil forfeiture; claim from country of origin; voluntary return absent a forfeiture or claim; or other. Court ordered civil forfeiture Case Summary Narrative summary of the object’s looting, identification by authorities and repatriation. The 1995 seizure and forfeiture of a golden phiale from the apartment of billionaire collector Michael Steinhart triggered one of the most iconic legal disputes in US history over looted antiquities. The case, which ultimately went to the US Supreme Court, established the legal precedent that false statements on customs importation forms can alone constitute grounds for forfeiture of cultural property. The story of the phiale, as documented in court records, details the illicit history of the golden vessel. In 1980, Vincenzo Pappalardo, an antiquities collector in Catania, Sicily set up a meeting with Dr. Giacomo Manganaro, a professor of Greek History and Numismatics at the University of Catania. Pappalardo asked Manganaro for an expert opinion on the authenticity of a golden phiale in his collection. The libation bowl in question had a Greek-Doric inscription imprinted on the edge in a language spoken in Hellenistic-Sicilian colonies. It was through his analysis of this script that Manganaro confirmed the authenticity of the phiale. Later that same year, Pappalardo conducted a trade with a Sicilian coin dealer, Vincenzo Cammarata, swapping the phiale for a collection of art work appraised for 30 million lire, equivalent to USD $38,400 in 2024. For eleven years, the phiale remained in Cammarata's collection. Cammarata showed the artifact, along with a gold-plated silver cup, to Silvana Verga, an employee of the Monuments and Fine Arts Bureau in Palermo, and Enzo Brai, an Italian photographer. Cammarata fabricated a provenance for the cup and the phiale, stating to Verga and Brai that they were found near Caltavuturo during electrical work conducted by a utility company. Cammarata gave a photograph of the phiale to his friend William Veres, an alleged antiquities trafficker who owned the art dealership 'Stedron' in Zurich. Veres was immediately interested in buying the phiale, although had some doubts regarding authenticity. Despite this, Veres acquired the phiale from Cammarata, paying for it with artifacts worth 140 million lire, equivalent to USD $172,900 in 2024. In 1991, Veres sent a photograph of the phiale to the American antiquities dealer Robert Haber, who owned Robert Haber & Company: Ancient Art in New York City. In November, that year Haber flew to Sicily to see the phiale in person and expressed an interest in purchasing the bowl, which he believed one of his long standing clients would buy for his private collection. That client was Michael Steinhardt, who Haber had previously sold 20-30 artifacts worth USD$4-6 million. Haber told Steinhardt that the phiale was the counterpart to one owned by the Metropolitan Museum of Art and owned by a coin collector in Sicily. Steinhardt purchased the phiale, with Haber acting as an intermediary. A 'Terms of Sale' was agreed between Veres and Steinhardt that stated, "if the object is confiscated or impounded by customs agents or a claim is made by any country or governmental agency whatsoever, full compensation will be made immediately to the purchaser." The terms also stated that "[a] letter is to be written by Dr. Manganaro that he saw the object 15 years ago in Switz." This was apparently done to falsely place the phiale outside of Italy. On December 6, 1991, Steinhardt wired the first money transfer installment from his Credit Suisse account to Veres' Stedron account. On December 12, Haber acquired the phiale from Veres in Lugano, Switzerland, with the transfer confirmed through a commercial invoice signed by Veres and issued by Stedron reading, "ONE GOLD BOWL CLASSICAL ... DATE C. 450 B.C.... VALUE U.S. $250,000." One day later, Haber sent a fax to Larry Baker at Jet Air Service, Inc., Haber's customs broker at J.F.K. International Airport in New York. Jet Air prepared two customs forms, the first being an 'Entry and Immediate Delivery' form ('3461') that released the phiale by a Customs Inspection team prior to formal entry. The country of origin on the form was listed as "CH", the code for Switzerland. The second form was an 'Entry Summary' form ('7501'), which listed the same country code. The form also listed the value of the phiale as USD $250,000, despite Steinhardt paying USD $1.39 million. These false statements on import documents would later become a key fact for the government's forfeiture case against the phiale. On December 15, 1991, Haber flew to J.F.K with the phiale. On January 6, 1992, the phiale was sent to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, where the museum's experts confirmed its authenticity for Steinhardt. On January 29, Steinhardt wired the second installment to the Stedron account, and on March 11, sent Haber his commission of USD $162,364. The phiale remained in Steinhardt's apartment, displayed prominently on a grand piano, until 1995, when Italian authorities began investigating the vessel's illegal export from Italy. On February 16, 1995, the Italian Government submitted a 'Letters Rogatory Request' to the United States, stating that they were investigating the importation of the phiale and that they were requesting assistance in returning it to Italy. A United States Magistrate Judge found cause that the phiale was subject to civil forfeiture and issued a seizure warrant. On November 9, 1995, United States Customs Service agents raided Steinhardt's apartment and retrieved the phiale. On December 13, 1995, the United States Attorneys Office filed a civil forfeiture action against the phiale. The complaint, as amended on February 13, 1996, alleged that the phiale had been imported into the United States in violation of 18 U.S.C. 542 because of materially false statements on the customs forms. In addition, the complaint alleged that the phiale had been exported from Italy in violation of Article 44 of Italy's Law regarding the Protection of Objects of Artistic and Historic Interest. On December 26, Steinhardt filed a motion to contest the forfeiture, and lost twice. In 1999, Steinhardt appealed these decisions to the US Supreme Court, which declined to hear the case. Today, the Steinhardt decision is often cited as an important precedent that established that false statements on customs importation forms can alone constitute grounds for forfeiture of cultural property. Creation Date Year this object was created, in years BCE/CE; use circa if presenting a range. Use specific year, decade or century. 400 BCE Court Case and Number Title of the civil or criminal case and number (e.g. New York v. Subhash Kapoor, CR-022431-19NY). United States v. an Antique Platter of Gold, 991 F. Supp. 222 (S.D.N.Y. November 14 1997) Alternate Name(s) Other names by which the object or group is known; these may be formal titles, museum titles or colloquial titles, if different from the above Object or Group Name. Golden Phiale of Achyris Size General size of the object (numbered 1-5); 1 - small or fragmentary (e.g. coins or sherds) 2 - medium (e.g. most vases) 3 - large (e.g. between a bread box and an adult) 4 - extra large (i.e. adult human sized) 5 - monumental (larger than an adult human) 2 Date Looted Approximate year that the object or group of objects was excavated or stolen. Unknown Alleged Looter Person(s) who removed the object from the findspot or original location. Unknown Alleged Smuggler Person(s) who moved the object out of its country of origin. William Veres Facilitator Person(s) involved in the trafficking of the object who did not own or sell it. Vincenzo Pappalardo Transportation or Storage Company Company that transported or stored the object. Jet Air Service, Inc. (Larry Baker forged two Customs import forms for the phiale). Gallery Name of the gallery, shop or dealership where the object was offered for sale, with the name of the city where the gallery was located in parentheses. Robert Haber & Company Ancient Art (New York) - sold to Steinhardt through Haber as an intermediary. Value in 2024 US Dollars Value in 2024 US Dollars, adjusted for inflation. Use inflation calculator here: https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?from=EUR&to=USD&amount=1 2,684,599 Criminal Behaviors Alleged Criminal behavior associated with the case. Please select all that apply. Organized crime Document falsification Current Location Place where the object is currently held. Provide as much information as possible (Institution, City and Country, when known). Sicily, Italy See Also Additional records within MOLA that are other objects of interest. These are objects related to a larger collection. Breakout records have omitted 2024 Value information and Number of Objects. <a href="https://mola.omeka.net/items/show/1212">The Steinhardt Collection</a> Operation Name The trafficking network, or the name given to investigation by law enforcement entity. Steinhardt investigations Peer Reviewed By Person who peer reviewed this record. Jason Felch Status Completion status of MOLA record. Select from drop-down list: Stub (Needs basic research), Incomplete (Missing key fields), In progress (Has been assigned), Ready for review (Complete; awaiting peer review) and Completed (Ready to publish). Only Completed records are made Public. Completed Images Source of the images uploaded to this record. Images should be labeled A, B, C, etc. For links, use a stable URL via Internet Archive. <a href="https://archive.archaeology.org/9805/abstracts/italy.html">Image source</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Gold Phiale Italy Michael Steinhardt https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/77763/archive/files/59a470878b4603a43268a6763c8de52f.jpg?Expires=1784764800&Signature=KTKZ%7ESXPtSDdGxdlN41x3H%7EG5duosPVtn7Wbb4-H4J01dlryJyAEp-p0i%7EBe0kbYErQwcHDitNYsNAGo3ZdMnHvBbDX5XV3uFF16f1rwfYQBu8fHTAgEs89urSv8yXepHhz7ll15hwCmJ300kZk877O5H4lAElgu%7Ewv48N3DfGao5dKCKPTZvV0q3xK6rioHZQPBchpW4B5C861D32TX-KhFpDQQeROgx27Zl5MD-E9n%7EpQEkQiW3kLMVIhmHDtnYQ9gibDGKBNTIVs%7EzQTeU-JhACPNZmeniCQ7LQc01qYKThspmuhb5hEyGB5we2Y3qhBaHPVpCZMI8gAUphTzWg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM 8daa1a46e725d9bbdd1c12f02c3e8473 Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Object or Group Name The common English name of the object or group of objects. Michael Steinhardt Collection Sources Reliable sources of information related to the object and its repatriation. Preference to primary sources (court records, documents, archival sources) and authoritative secondary sources (media reports, blogs etc.). For links, use a stable URL via Internet Archive. @ChasingAphrodit The Steinhardt Collection <a href="https://twitter.com/ChasingAphrodit/status/1469377238340562947">https://twitter.com/ChasingAphrodit/status/1469377238340562947</a> D.A. Vance: Michael Steinhardt Surrenders 180 Stolen Antiquities Valued at $70 Million <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211206171902/https://www.manhattanda.org/d-a-vance-michael-steinhardt-surrenders-180-stolen-antiquities-valued-at-70-million/">https://web.archive.org/web/20211206171902/https://www.manhattanda.org/d-a-vance-michael-steinhardt-surrenders-180-stolen-antiquities-valued-at-70-million/</a> Billionaire Investor Michael Steinhardt Is Forced to Surrender $70 Million in Art and Agree Never to Collect Antiquities Again <a href="https://news.artnet.com/art-world-archives/michael-steinhardt-banned-from-acquiring-cultural-antiquities-2044531">https://news.artnet.com/art-world-archives/michael-steinhardt-banned-from-acquiring-cultural-antiquities-2044531</a> IN THE MATTER OF A GRAND JURY INVESTIGATION INTO A PRIVATE NEW YORK ANTIQUITIES COLLECTOR: STATEMENT OF FACTS <a href="https://images.law.com/contrib/content/uploads/documents/292/102693/2021-12-06-Steinhardt-Statement-of-Facts-w-Attachments-Filed.pdf">https://images.law.com/contrib/content/uploads/documents/292/102693/2021-12-06-Steinhardt-Statement-of-Facts-w-Attachments-Filed.pdf</a> Status Completion status of MOLA record. Select from drop-down list: Stub (Needs basic research), Incomplete (Missing key fields), In progress (Has been assigned), Ready for review (Complete; awaiting peer review) and Completed (Ready to publish). Only Completed records are made Public. Ready for review Number of Objects Count of objects reflected in this record. 178 Last Known Price, Valuation or Estimate The most recent reported price, valuation or estimate of the object. Should be displayed in USD, alongside list price in original currency. 67,488,000 Year of Last Price Year of the most recent reported price, valuation or estimate of the object. 2021 Repatriated? Repatriation status of the object. Select from drop-down list. Yes Year Returned Year of the return of the object to its country of origin. 2021 Sending Country Country from which the object was returned during repatriation. Select from drop-down list. USA Returning Entity Institution or individual that returned the object to its country of origin (not a law enforcement agency). Michael Steinhardt Prosecuting Entity The prosecutorial entity involved in the object’s repatriation. Manhattan District Attorney's Office Law Enforcement Entity The law enforcement entities that investigated the object before its repatriation. HSI-NYC Reason for Return Why the object was returned. Select from list: Law enforcement seizure; court ordered civil forfeiture; claim from country of origin; voluntary return absent a forfeiture or claim; or other. Law Enforcement Seizure Documents Link to key records or publications related to the object that are not available online. <a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/21138685-2021-12-06-steinhardt-statement-of-facts-w-attachments-filed2">https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/21138685-2021-12-06-steinhardt-statement-of-facts-w-attachments-filed2</a> <a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24244920-2023-06-27-15-51-2021-12-13-to-steinhardt-178p-o">https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24244920-2023-06-27-15-51-2021-12-13-to-steinhardt-178p-o</a> Country of Origin The modern country of origin that this object came from (i.e. where it was found). Select from drop-down list. Italy Lebanon Greece Türkiye Syria Israel Jordan Egypt Bulgaria Culture Ancient culture associated with the object. Various Receiving Country Country that received the object during repatriation. Select from drop-down list. Italy Greece Türkiye Lebanon Bulgaria Egypt Syria Libya Case Summary Narrative summary of the object’s looting, identification by authorities and repatriation. American hedge fund pioneer Michael Steinhardt was among the leading private collectors of antiquities in the United States until December 2021, when he agreed to an unprecedented lifetime ban on buying ancient art to resolve a multi-year criminal investigation brought by the Manhattan District Attorney's Antiquities Trafficking Unit. Steinhardt also agreed to surrender 180 stolen antiquities worth an estimated USD $70 million that "were looted and illegally smuggled out of 11 countries, trafficked by 12 criminal smuggling networks, and lacked verifiable provenance prior to appearing on the international art market," according to New York authorities. The 2021 case was only the latest time Steinhardt had been caught purchasing looted antiquities from well-known traffickers over the years. His 1991 purchase of a looted golden phiale triggered a legal dispute in which Steinhardt unsuccessfully challenged the US government's seizure of the bowl all the way to the Supreme Court, and was followed by several additional seizures of antiquities over the following two decades. The Statement of Facts filed at the conclusion of the 2021 criminal investigation contains a remarkable record of one collector's 40 year buying spree of looted antiquities, detailing the objects, prices and trafficking networks he did business with. "Since at least 1987 Steinhardt has been acquiring and selling antiquities, totaling more than 1,000 antiquities valued at more than USD $200,000,000 at the time of their purchase and doubling in value since," investigators found. Of the 1,000 antiquities that Steinhardt acquired, "only 7.3% had any specific provenance that could be verified by this Office." The Steinhardt criminal investigation began in 2017 when authorities looked into his acquisition of a Bull's Head looted from Sidon that he loaned to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, where he was a longtime supporter. A series of search warrants served against Steinhardt and his suppliers turned up further evidence that the collector had been purchasing antiquities that were recently looted from Italy, Greece, Turkey, Syria, Israel, Egypt, Jordan, Libya and Bulgaria, records show. Court records detailed Steinhardt's ties to multiple trafficking networks, including: Giacomo Medici (24 antiquities); Gianfranco Becchina (11 antiquities); Edoardo Almagià (10 antiquities); Robin Symes (12 antiquities); Robert Hecht (45 antiquities); Edward and Samuel Merrin (4 antiquities); Robert Haber (2 antiquities); Eugene Alexander (7 antiquities); Fritz and Harry Bürki (1 antiquity); Gil Chaya (30 antiquities); Rafi Brown (28 antiquities); Pasquale Camera (1 antiquity); George Ortiz (1 antiquity); Noriyoshi Horiuchi (1 antiquity); Michael Ward (1 antiquity); Svyatoslav Konkin (1 antiquity); Axel Gordian Weber (1 antiquity). The criminal investigation ended in 2021 when Steinhardt agreed to enter into a "non-prosecution agreement" with the Manhattan District Attorney's office that allowed him to avoid a criminal trial by accepting a lifetime ban on antiquities collecting and forfeiting 178 objects from his collection valued at nearly USD$70 million. Description of Object(s) Provide a brief description of the object or objects in the record. Among the highlights of the seized objects: A rare Greek kouros, purchased on November 17, 2000 directly from the antiquities trafficker Robert Hecht for USD $2,348,500. Hecht included pictures of the sculpture soon after it was looted. A situla, which surfaced on the art market in October 1995, when Robin Symes sold it to the Beierwaltes for USD $320,000. In 2006, the Beierwaltes consigned it to Phoenix Ancient Art. Steinhardt purchased it in 2009 from Phoenix Ancient Art for USD $250,000. In Symes' archives, prosecutors found photos of the same situla taken in 1995 by the Basel-based Dieter Widmer. It had no handle and was still covered in dirt and encrustations, signs of recent looting. Today valued at USD $320,000, the looted situla will be returned to Italy. An Assyrian Gold Bowl that Svyatoslav (aka Slav) Konkin, a Russian antiquities dealer, hand carried on a flight from Hong Kong to Newark NJ. He was detained by authorities but allowed to deliver the bowl to Steinhardt, who purchased it in July 2000 for USD $150,000. Prosecutors say the bowl had been looted in Nimrud, Iraq, where similar examples have been found. Similar gold objects were stolen from the Baghdad Museum, while others were looted and sold by ISIS. It will be returned to Iraq. A Veiled Head of a Woman that surfaced on the art market on November 10, 2000, when Steinhardt purchased it from Michael Ward for USD $1,200,000. Ward noted it was "possibly from North Africa," had "earthy deposit" and a "clean break" on the neck. Prosecutors say the bust was looted from a tomb in the ancient city of Cyrene, in modern day Libya. Excavations there shut down during unrest in 1999, and looters began sacking the city's ancient tombs. A Togate Figure that Phoenix Ancient Art sold to Steinhardt for USD $800,000 in June 1993, stating it was from "Perusia [sic], Umbria, Italy." Steinhardt later consigned it back to Phoenix for sale. Polaroids found in the archives of Giacomo Medici show the togate with a companion figure, both broken and dirt-encrusted sitting atop an Italian newspaper. The Etruscan inscription along the base suggests it was indeed likely found near Perugia. An Orpheus Mosaic that first surfaced on the art market in 1991, when Robert Haber shipped it from Geneva to the United States for Steinhardt. Steinhardt paid Haber USD $440,000 for the mosaic in Oct 1991 and had it sent to California for restoration. The restorers noted it had been crudely "cut into five sections in order to simplify lifting it from its original site," a Roman villa in Sicily. A polaroid of the mosaic sent to Haber by Geneva shipper Mat Securitas shows it before restoration. A Griffin Cauldron with Stand that Steinhardt purchased in April 2003 from Robert Hecht with no prior provenance for USD $475,000. Other records suggest he paid USD $3,000,000 for the completed piece, which had surfaced in fragments. Photos recovered from Hecht show the cauldron soon after it emerged from a tomb in Lazio, dirt encrusted and broken in two. The Ercolano Fresco, showing Hercules as an infant strangling a snake. This fresco was looted from Herculaneum in 1995, and Steinhardt purchased the fresco for $650,000. The fresco is currently valued at $1 million. (It looks like 51 of these items went back to Italy, remaining are from other countries: https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24244920-2023-06-27-15-51-2021-12-13-to-steinhardt-178p-o/) Remaining: Returned to Bulgaria 1 Returned to Libya 1 Returned to Iraq 2 Returned to Egypt 9 Returned to Jordan 9 Returned to Israel 37 Returned to Syria 4 Returned to Türkiye 14 Returned to Greece 47 Returned to Lebanon 2 Object Type Type of object based on its function. Select from drop-down list. Various Object Materials Material(s) that the object or group of objects is made of. Select from drop-down list. Various Creation Date Year this object was created, in years BCE/CE; use circa if presenting a range. Use specific year, decade or century. Various Findspot Approximate site or location where the object was found (i.e. the archaeological provenience). Various Dealer Person(s) who offered the object for sale. Giacomo Medici Gianfranco Becchina Edoardo Almagià Robin Symes Robert Hecht Edward and Samuel Merrin Robert Haber Eugene Alexander Fritz and Harry Bürki Gil Chaya Rafi Brown Pasquale Camera George Ortiz Noriyoshi Horiuchi Michael Ward Svyatoslav Konkin Axel Gordian Weber Criminal Behaviors Alleged Criminal behavior associated with the case. Please select all that apply. Document falsification Modern conflict looting Organized crime Current Location Place where the object is currently held. Provide as much information as possible (Institution, City and Country, when known). Various MOLA Contributor(s) Person(s) who contributed to the information in this record. Anonymous is an acceptable entry. Damien Huffer Jason Felch Peer Reviewed By Person who peer reviewed this record. Jason Felch See Also Additional records within MOLA that are other objects of interest. These are objects related to a larger collection. Breakout records have omitted 2024 Value information and Number of Objects. <a href="https://mola.omeka.net/items/show/1242">Steinhardt Seizures (2018)</a> <a href="https://mola.omeka.net/items/show/1244">Fresco Fragment from Paestum's Tomb 53</a> <a href="https://mola.omeka.net/items/show/1075">Gold Phiale</a><a href="GOLD%20PHIALE"></a> <a href="https://mola.omeka.net/items/show/1262">Sidon Bull's Head</a><a href="https://mola.omeka.net/items/show/1262"></a> Value in 2024 US Dollars Value in 2024 US Dollars, adjusted for inflation. Use inflation calculator here: https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?from=EUR&to=USD&amount=1 75,880,917 Private Collector Person who acquired the object for their personal collection. Michael Steinhardt Court Case and Number Title of the civil or criminal case and number (e.g. New York v. Subhash Kapoor, CR-022431-19NY). NY v Michael Steinhardt Images Source of the images uploaded to this record. Images should be labeled A, B, C, etc. For links, use a stable URL via Internet Archive. <a href="https://www.philanthropy.com/article/nonprofits-that-benefited-from-michael-steinhardts-dirty-money-need-to-own-up-to-their-complicity">https://www.philanthropy.com/article/nonprofits-that-benefited-from-michael-steinhardts-dirty-money-need-to-own-up-to-their-complicity</a> Research Notes Any additional notes about research questions, issues or further research needed. Other images/records, e.g. <a href="https://manhattanda.org/d-a-bragg-1-2m-antiquity-seized-from-michael-steinhardt-returned-to-the-people-of-libya/">https://manhattanda.org/d-a-bragg-1-2m-antiquity-seized-from-michael-steinhardt-returned-to-the-people-of-libya/</a>; <a href="https://manhattanda.org/d-a-bragg-returns-142-antiquities-valued-at-nearly-14-million-to-the-people-of-italy/">https://manhattanda.org/d-a-bragg-returns-142-antiquities-valued-at-nearly-14-million-to-the-people-of-italy/</a>; <a href="https://manhattanda.org/d-a-bragg-55-antiquities-valued-at-more-than-20-million-repatriated-to-the-people-of-greece/">https://manhattanda.org/d-a-bragg-55-antiquities-valued-at-more-than-20-million-repatriated-to-the-people-of-greece/</a>; <a href="https://manhattanda.org/d-a-bragg-ancient-helmet-likely-belonging-to-philip-of-macedon-returned-to-the-people-of-bulgaria/">https://manhattanda.org/d-a-bragg-ancient-helmet-likely-belonging-to-philip-of-macedon-returned-to-the-people-of-bulgaria/</a> <a href="https://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2022/09/steinhardt-panathenaic-amphora-returns.html">https://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2022/09/steinhardt-panathenaic-amphora-returns.html</a> <a href="https://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2021/12/steinhardt-objects-returning-to-greece.html">https://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2021/12/steinhardt-objects-returning-to-greece.html</a> <a href="https://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2021/12/steinhardt-material-to-return-to-turkey.html">https://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2021/12/steinhardt-material-to-return-to-turkey.html</a> <a href="https://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2021/12/steinhardt-objects-returning-to-italy.html">https://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2021/12/steinhardt-objects-returning-to-italy.html</a> <a href="https://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2022/01/steinhardt-head-from-cyrene-returns-to.html">https://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2022/01/steinhardt-head-from-cyrene-returns-to.html</a> <a href="https://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2022/02/steinhardt-returned-to-greece.html">https://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2022/02/steinhardt-returned-to-greece.html</a> <a href="https://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2022/03/steinhardt-helmet-returns-to-bulgaria.html">https://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2022/03/steinhardt-helmet-returns-to-bulgaria.html</a> <a href="https://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2021/12/michael-steinhardt-and-return-of.html">https://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2021/12/michael-steinhardt-and-return-of.html</a> <a href="https://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2021/12/sources-for-returned-michael-steinhardt.html">https://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2021/12/sources-for-returned-michael-steinhardt.html</a> <a href="https://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2022/01/steinhardt-antiquities-return-to-turkey.html">https://lootingmatters.blogspot.com/2022/01/steinhardt-antiquities-return-to-turkey.html</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Michael Steinhardt Collection Bulgaria Egypt Greece Italy Lebanon Libya Michael Steinhardt Syria Türkiye https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/77763/archive/files/a142fde07c65e1ca2b9d203a0ad38098.jpg?Expires=1784764800&Signature=BJ5beEckZdQBVD76BtdwVdtcyx%7E9XlCmK98g34A2%7EX0lXwG3egiQ5WuR7cRKHgbaC7gnfhl%7EwEIxBQsqCOARNIKY8CMpkGxITIXD45sR40-mVX-CNUQ3SVeQ7foXw01ZhVtFbXHcYSLZWFMV2-kJ-uLmgHQVJHq-mdwp8HdOb42lgVH5ETVHv1dKeiEgHxY6pTieEqPk8UWkBO5sbdp-ZZDpd-x2b%7EtjqMIfd5cRISa8tN7xtMyjChymFIaS5aYndpqbOV7h%7E6gVqAOPTxNUqmH6%7Emk8Arybrhcg4YyY%7EG6wNPnfdS1WT1Wib5yv5AZw5SNJffkjnZcCqhw8t46ItA__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM b085326ca0bec682f15dcbc05b71099e Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Object or Group Name The common English name of the object or group of objects. Palestinian Cosmetic Spoon Country of Origin The modern country of origin that this object came from (i.e. where it was found). Select from drop-down list. Palestine State Last Known Price, Valuation or Estimate The most recent reported price, valuation or estimate of the object. Should be displayed in USD, alongside list price in original currency. $6,500 Year of Last Price Year of the most recent reported price, valuation or estimate of the object. 2023 Sources Reliable sources of information related to the object and its repatriation. Preference to primary sources (court records, documents, archival sources) and authoritative secondary sources (media reports, blogs etc.). For links, use a stable URL via Internet Archive. D.A. Bragg Returns Stolen Antiquity to The Palestinian Authority <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250702104601/https://manhattanda.org/d-a-bragg-returns-stolen-antiquity-to-the-palestinian-authority/">https://web.archive.org/web/20250702104601/https://manhattanda.org/d-a-bragg-returns-stolen-antiquity-to-the-palestinian-authority/</a> In the Matter of a Grand Jury Investigation into a Private New York Antiquities Collector: Statement of Facts <a href="https://images.law.com/contrib/content/uploads/documents/292/102693/2021-12-06-Steinhardt-Statement-of-Facts-w-Attachments-Filed.pdf">https://images.law.com/contrib/content/uploads/documents/292/102693/2021-12-06-Steinhardt-Statement-of-Facts-w-Attachments-Filed.pdf</a> US returns 2,700-year-old looted cosmetic spoon to Palestine <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250702104319/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/us-palestine-looted-artefact-returned">https://web.archive.org/web/20250702104319/https://www.middleeasteye.net/news/us-palestine-looted-artefact-returned</a> U.S. Officials Repatriate a Looted Relic to the Palestinian Authority <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250702101224/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/05/arts/design/relic-repatriated-palestinian-authority.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20250702101224/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/05/arts/design/relic-repatriated-palestinian-authority.html</a> Israel probes legality of US giving 2,700-year-old artefact to Palestinians <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250702105450/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-03/israel-probes-legality-of-us-giving-artefact-to-palestinians/101930274">https://web.archive.org/web/20250702105450/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-02-03/israel-probes-legality-of-us-giving-artefact-to-palestinians/101930274</a> Research Notes Any additional notes about research questions, issues or further research needed. MH: There was another artifact which has gone missing, a carnelian sunfish amulet. JF: This object is part of the broader Steinhardt seizure, so I deleted the 2024 value Images Source of the images uploaded to this record. Images should be labeled A, B, C, etc. For links, use a stable URL via Internet Archive. <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240129171158im_/https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/07/arts/05spoon-1/05spoon-1-superJumbo.jpg">https://web.archive.org/web/20240421131727im_/https://static01.nyt.com/images/2023/01/07/arts/05spoon-1/05spoon-1-superJumbo.jpg</a> Alternate Name(s) Other names by which the object or group is known; these may be formal titles, museum titles or colloquial titles, if different from the above Object or Group Name. Cosmetic spoon Number of Objects Count of objects reflected in this record. 1 Description of Object(s) Provide a brief description of the object or objects in the record. Ivory cosmetic spoon with an etching of a winged being. Object Type Type of object based on its function. Select from drop-down list. Religious Work – crucifixes, shrine objects, icons, religious texts Size General size of the object (numbered 1-5); 1 - small or fragmentary (e.g. coins or sherds) 2 - medium (e.g. most vases) 3 - large (e.g. between a bread box and an adult) 4 - extra large (i.e. adult human sized) 5 - monumental (larger than an adult human) 1 Provenance Summary A chronological history of the object's ownership history, starting with the oldest date first. Enter a year and summary of the transaction for reach provenance event. January 21, 2003: Steinhardt purchased the Cosmetic Spoon from Gil Chaya, an Israeli antiquities dealer. December 2021: Seized by the Manhattan DA's office January 5, 2023: Repatriated to Palestine Object Materials Material(s) that the object or group of objects is made of. Select from drop-down list. Other Creation Date Year this object was created, in years BCE/CE; use circa if presenting a range. Use specific year, decade or century. 800 - 700 BCE Findspot Approximate site or location where the object was found (i.e. the archaeological provenience). El Kom, Hebron, West Bank Dealer Person(s) who offered the object for sale. Gil Chaya Repatriated? Repatriation status of the object. Select from drop-down list. Yes Year Returned Year of the return of the object to its country of origin. 2023 Sending Country Country from which the object was returned during repatriation. Select from drop-down list. USA Prosecuting Entity The prosecutorial entity involved in the object’s repatriation. Manhattan District Attorney's Office Receiving Country Country that received the object during repatriation. Select from drop-down list. Palestine State Reason for Return Why the object was returned. Select from list: Law enforcement seizure; court ordered civil forfeiture; claim from country of origin; voluntary return absent a forfeiture or claim; or other. Law Enforcement Seizure Current Location Place where the object is currently held. Provide as much information as possible (Institution, City and Country, when known). Unknown West Bank museum Image Captions Write a brief caption for each image included, providing context for what is shown. Images should be labeled A, B, C, etc. The repatriated Palestinian ivory cosmetic spoon MOLA Contributor(s) Person(s) who contributed to the information in this record. Anonymous is an acceptable entry. Michela Herbert Status Completion status of MOLA record. Select from drop-down list: Stub (Needs basic research), Incomplete (Missing key fields), In progress (Has been assigned), Ready for review (Complete; awaiting peer review) and Completed (Ready to publish). Only Completed records are made Public. Completed Culture Ancient culture associated with the object. Assyrian Case Summary Narrative summary of the object’s looting, identification by authorities and repatriation. In 2021, the Manhattan District Attorney’s Office seized this cosmetic spoon from Michael Steinhardt as part of an 180-piece, $70 million return of stolen goods. The ivory spoon, dating from circa 800-700 BCE, was repatriated to Palestine in 2023. Steinhardt, a prominent New York hedge fund manager and antiquities collector, was the subject of a multi-national criminal investigation, which left him with an unprecedented lifetime ban on collecting. Steinhardt acquired this piece for $6,000 from Gil Chaya, an Israeli antiquities dealer, in January 2003. Chaya sold at least 30 pieces to Steinhardt and allegedly bought antiquities directly from looters in the West Bank, Gaza, and East Jerusalem. The spoon, which would have been used to pour incense on ritual fires for the gods or the dead, was found in El Kom, near Hebron in the West Bank. In an email chain between the dealer and collector, Chaya explained that the Assyrian cosmetic spoon was found in an “area of the richest Iron age Jewish tombs (many royal).” The artifact was never registered by Chaya, even though he had a legal obligation to do so under Israeli law. The transaction between Chaya and Steinhardt was the first time the spoon had appeared on the market, and it had sat in Steinhardt’s private collection for the past 20 years. In January 2023, the cosmetic spoon was repatriated to Palestine at a ceremony in Bethlehem, marking the first time the United States had returned an artifact to the country. However, other cultural goods seized from Steinhardt that were from Hebron and other areas in the West Bank were repatriated to Israel. Wael Hamamra, head of the Palestinian Ministry of Tourism and Archaeology, protested this decision, which effectively gave Israel ownership of pieces of Palestinian cultural heritage. Israel also wanted possession of the cosmetic spoon. The office of Israel's Heritage Minister Amihai Eliyahu challenged the Manhattan District Attorney’s decision to repatriate the piece to Palestine. The ivory antiquity is still under the care of the Palestinians, in a West Bank museum, but Israel’s legal probe could make future repatriations to Palestine difficult. See Also Additional records within MOLA that are other objects of interest. These are objects related to a larger collection. Breakout records have omitted 2024 Value information and Number of Objects. <a href="https://mola.omeka.net/items/show/1212">Michael Steinhardt Collection</a> <a href="https://mola.omeka.net/items/show/1244">Fresco Fragment from Tomb 53 at Paestum</a> <a href="https://mola.omeka.net/items/show/1075">Gold Phiale</a> <a href="https://mola.omeka.net/items/show/1262">Sidon Bull's Head</a> Value in 2024 US Dollars Value in 2024 US Dollars, adjusted for inflation. Use inflation calculator here: https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?from=EUR&to=USD&amount=1 (included in Steinhardt seizure case) Peer Reviewed By Person who peer reviewed this record. Liv Siefert Private Collector Person who acquired the object for their personal collection. Michael Steinhardt Year Acquired Year that the object was acquired by the institution. 2003 Museum Donation or Purchase? How did the museum acquire the object(s)? Select from drop-down list. Purchase Returning Entity Institution or individual that returned the object to its country of origin (not a law enforcement agency). Michael Steinhardt Court Case and Number Title of the civil or criminal case and number (e.g. New York v. Subhash Kapoor, CR-022431-19NY). Grand Jury Investigation of a New York Private Antiquities Collection Law Enforcement Entity The law enforcement entities that investigated the object before its repatriation. Homeland Security Investigations Operation Name The trafficking network, or the name given to investigation by law enforcement entity. Michael Steinhardt Investigations Documents Link to key records or publications related to the object that are not available online. <a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25545538-exhibit-67-steinhardt-stetement-of-facts/">https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/25545538-exhibit-67-steinhardt-stetement-of-facts/</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Palestinian Cosmetic Spoon Michael Steinhardt Palestine https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/77763/archive/files/7e48a63b8e27146a1bf1f2f0c01cb08b.jpg?Expires=1784764800&Signature=fFW8RsnDKndr4llerZ%7ELZ1qcvOEHTGZUZTt6VU8AP%7EY1LcJZgholp0fm%7EDi0I1rffIwunJjNXIzK4zDJyF5vwRYpD7z62LiNA8AEDlVQ%7EsQM8A4fSTWKdOjM2-fuWYMGM067V8WJGEbTAcvU3-zoCLLstKG5QIEyNY4gDcmYlM%7EMzsREoAjTNSCEExN-H%7EFIR5%7Es71kmi8R9LNvxxidPWp5YWu5EyHe6MwSfO7W8ppDVY6VXaJdzHVrFvmUV11Ev7-jajEBXv0OyzL6VCV0-X9TXvvCZSVVWNbH46YfFzhraMsPGB5vBroFJ6NkX8j8dbxWLFxtoQY57kQfJ-6ZXpg__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM fd666d6dae00bbc67342da0add612142 Physical Object An inanimate, three-dimensional object or substance. Note that digital representations of, or surrogates for, these objects should use Moving Image, Still Image, Text or one of the other types. Object or Group Name The common English name of the object or group of objects. Sidon Bull's Head Object Type Type of object based on its function. Select from drop-down list. Sculpture Number of Objects Count of objects reflected in this record. 1 Object Materials Material(s) that the object or group of objects is made of. Select from drop-down list. Marble Country of Origin The modern country of origin that this object came from (i.e. where it was found). Select from drop-down list. Lebanon Sources Reliable sources of information related to the object and its repatriation. Preference to primary sources (court records, documents, archival sources) and authoritative secondary sources (media reports, blogs etc.). For links, use a stable URL via Internet Archive. The Sidon Bull’s Head: Court Record Documents a Journey Through the Illicit Antiquities Trade <a href="https://chasingaphrodite.com/2017/09/24/the-sidon-bulls-head-court-record-documents-a-journey-through-the-illicit-antiquities-trade/">https://chasingaphrodite.com/2017/09/24/the-sidon-bulls-head-court-record-documents-a-journey-through-the-illicit-antiquities-trade/</a> Met Museum Turns Over Another Relic With Disputed Past to Prosecutors <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/01/arts/design/met-museum-relic-lebanon.html">https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/01/arts/design/met-museum-relic-lebanon.html</a> Documents Link to key records or publications related to the object that are not available online. <a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24245913-2017-09-22-application-for-turnover-order">https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24245913-2017-09-22-application-for-turnover-order</a> <a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24245911-exhibits-1-30-001-146">https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24245911-exhibits-1-30-001-146</a> <a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24245917-exhibits-31-67-147-287">https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24245917-exhibits-31-67-147-287</a> <a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24245909-part-2-exhibits-68-90-417-476">https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24245909-part-2-exhibits-68-90-417-476</a> <a href="https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24245910-part-1-exhibits-68-90-288-416">https://www.documentcloud.org/documents/24245910-part-1-exhibits-68-90-288-416</a> Status Completion status of MOLA record. Select from drop-down list: Stub (Needs basic research), Incomplete (Missing key fields), In progress (Has been assigned), Ready for review (Complete; awaiting peer review) and Completed (Ready to publish). Only Completed records are made Public. Completed MOLA Contributor(s) Person(s) who contributed to the information in this record. Anonymous is an acceptable entry. Liv Siefert Provenance Summary A chronological history of the object's ownership history, starting with the oldest date first. Enter a year and summary of the transaction for reach provenance event. July 8, 1967: The bull’s head was excavated from the Temple of Eshmun in Sidon, Lebanon, by French archaeologist Maurice Dunand as part of a state-sponsored excavation. 1979: Amidst the raging Lebanese civil war, the bull’s head and other artifacts from Eshmun were transferred to Beirut and then to a storage area of the Byblos Citadel for safekeeping. 1981: Armed members of the Phalangist paramilitary group seized objects from the Citadel, including the bull’s head. After negotiations with the antiquities directorate, the Phalangists return many of the objects to the Citadel. But the bull’s head and dozens of other objects are not among them and disappear into the black market. 1980s: The Bull’s Head is associated with the George Lotfi Collection of Beirut and Paris and with Frieda Tchacos in Zurich (Nefer Gallery), according to a subsequent claim by the Met’s curator of ancient art Joan Mertens. Her source for this information is never clarified or documented. April 11, 1991: Four sculptures stolen from Eshmun appear in an auction by the Numismatic & Ancient Art Gallery in Zurich. They are seized and returned to Lebanon. December, 1994: Sotheby’s offers a male torso and a sarcophagus fragment from Eshmun for sale. Both are eventually seized and returned to Lebanon. Several more Eshmun objects are recovered over the years. May 18, 1996: The Bull’s Head re-appears in shipping documents and was delivered to London antiquities dealer Robin Symes’ New York penthouse at the Four Seasons’ Hotel on 57th Street. As Bogdanos notes, “There is not a single piece of paper known to exist on or about the Bull’s Head (C-17) between its disappearance from the basement storage room of the Byblos/Jubayl Citadel on August 14, 1981, and its brief appearance in the Transcon invoices in the summer of 1996…A neon sign flashing “stolen” would have been more subtle and less insidious.” November 27, 1996: Symes sells the Bull’s Head for $1.2 million to Lynda and William Beierwaltes of Colorado, who display it in their dining room. While Symes assures them the object is authentic, as Bogdanos notes, “there was not a whisper-not even the faintest hint of a whisper about whether it was a lawful antiquity. Indeed, the lawfulness of the Bull’s Head (C-17) does not appear to have been part of any documented conversation between the Beierwaltes and Symes.” The Bull’s Head appears on the market “like Athena full-grown from the brow of Zeus,” Bogdanos writes, one of several flourishes in his filing. 1998: The Bull’s Head and other objects in the Beierwaltes collection are displayed in an article in House and Garden. Christos Tsirogiannis, a forensic archaeologist specializing in identifying illicit antiquities, identified many looted antiquities in the Beierwaltes collection by matching the photographs in the article to photographs of looted antiquities contained in dealer archives. 2004: The Beierwaltes ask Max Bernheimer, Head of Christi.e’s Ancient Art & Antiquities Department, to appraise their antiquities collection. He appraised 115 objects in the collection at $51.5 million but never offered it at auction. Symes was revealed as their main supplier, the source of 97 of the 99 objects that listed a prior owner. “Symes was not just their main supplier, he was to all intents and purposes their only supplier: the direct, the essential, and clearly much-used link in a supply chain that started with the tombaroli and ended with the Beierwaltes,” Bogdanos writes. 2005: The Beierwaltes approach Hicham Aboutaam at Phoenix Ancient Art about selling the Bull’s Head and other antiquities in their collection, which is estimated to be worth $95 million. Phoenix appraises the value of the Bull’s Head at $1.5 million. 2006: Phoenix ships the Bull’s Head and other objects from the Beierwaltes to Geneva, where it is kept in the Geneva Freeport. “According to Hicham Aboutaam, and as is standard procedure with shipments to the Freeports, and hence part of the sine qua non of their existence, the Bull’s Head went directly from the Geneva airport in a Swiss-customs-padlocked truck to the Geneva Freeport. And it left the Freeport the same way.” 2008: Phoenix requested a search for the Bull’s Head in the Art Loss Register database of stolen art. The ALR had been provided details about the stolen Bull’s Head in 2000 but mysteriously failed to enter it into their database of stolen art. ALR issued a certificate for the object — a fact that, in Bogdanos’ words, “highlight(s) the dangers of relying on an ALR search and nothing more for provenance research.” 2008: Phoenix Ancient Arts publishes images of the Bull’s Head in their Geneva catalog in advance of showing the Bull’s Head at the 24th Biennale des Antiquaires at the Grand Palais in Paris. After the Paris show, it is shipped back to Geneva.michael_steinhardt September 2009: The Bull’s Head is shipped to New York, where hedge fund billionaire Michael Steinhardt expressed an interest after seeing it in the Phoenix catalog but claimed in an email he was too “broke” to buy it at the time. August 10, 201O: Steinhardt acquired the Bull’s Head for $700,000 and left it on display at Phoenix Ancient Art’s New York Gallery. October 2010: The Bull’s Head is loaned to by Met by Steinhardt through Phoenix Ancient Art Gallery. The only reference to its provenance is a single line of six words: “Ex-American private collection, collected in 1980’s-1990’s.” When the Met presses for more detail, Phoenix says The Beierwaltes aquired it from Symes. 2014: The Beierwaltes declare bankruptcy, declaring that their “primary business for much of their adult lives has been the acquisition, management and sale of an extremely extensive and valuable body of art works…[in]…a category of art known as antiquities.” April 2014: Carlos Picon, the Curator in Charge of the Met’s Greek and Roman Department, noticed that the Bull’s Head on loan from Steinhardt appeared to be the same bull’s head missing from the Eshmun excavations. The object was removed from display and Aboutaam was notified. April 16, 2014: Given the revelation, the Beierwaltes re-acquired the Bull’s Head from Steinhardt for $560,000 ($700k minus Aboutaam’s 20% commission). Steinhardt receives a piece of equal value from Aboutaam. October 2016: Met General Counsel Sharon Cott writes to Steinhardt saying the Met intended to notify Lebanese authorities about the stolen Bull’s Head. William Pearlstein, the Beierwaltes’ attorney, acknowledged that the bull’s head was likely the one found in Eshmun but asked the Met not to contact authorities. Dec. 5 2016: Met director Thomas Campbell notifies Lebanon that the bull’s head on loan to the museum appears to come from Sidon. January 10, 2017: Sarkis Khoury, the Lebanese Director General of Antiquities, requests the return of the stolen Bull’s Head. He also writes to the Beierwaltes with a similar demand in March. June 2017: Amid the District Attorney’s investigation, counsel for the Beierwaltes filed a pre-emptive lawsuit against the Lebanese Republic and the Manhattan DA’s office seeking to prevent the seizure of the bull’s head. July 7, 2017: Acting on the request from Lebanese authorities, the DA’s office seized the Bull’s Head from the Met. Description of Object(s) Provide a brief description of the object or objects in the record. The Bull's Head dates to approximately 360 B.C. and was excavated from the Temple of Eshmun in Sidon, Lebanon, by Maurice Dunand as part of a state sponsored excavation, according to court filings. Mr. Dunand, a French archaeologist specializing in the ancient Near East who had begun excavating Jubayl/Byblos in 1924 and Eshmun in 1963, served as Director of the mission 'Archeologique Francaise' in Lebanon. At the time of its excavation, the Bull's Head (C-17) was photographed and given inventory catalogue number E912/8- 12. Creation Date Year this object was created, in years BCE/CE; use circa if presenting a range. Use specific year, decade or century. 360 BCE Culture Ancient culture associated with the object. Greek Findspot Approximate site or location where the object was found (i.e. the archaeological provenience). Temple of Eshmun in Sidon, Lebanon Date Looted Approximate year that the object or group of objects was excavated or stolen. 1981 Alleged Looter Person(s) who removed the object from the findspot or original location. Armed members of the Phalangist paramilitary group Transportation or Storage Company Company that transported or stored the object. Geneva Free Port Dealer Person(s) who offered the object for sale. George Lotfi Frieda Tchacos Robin Symes Hicham Aboutaam Gallery Name of the gallery, shop or dealership where the object was offered for sale, with the name of the city where the gallery was located in parentheses. Nefer Gallery (Zurich) Phoenix Ancient Art (New York and Geneva) Expert Review Person(s) who analyzed the object or wrote about its authenticity, value or significance. Include here credit to people who identified the object as looted (relevant publications can be listed in Sources). Max Bernheimer, Head of Christie’s Ancient Art & Antiquities Department Private Collector Person who acquired the object for their personal collection. Lynda and William Beierwaltes Michael Steinhardt Museum Name Name of the institution that held this object before it was repatriated. Please use the official name of the institution. Metropolitan Museum of Art Museum Curator Curator who facilitated the acquisition of the object. Carlos Picon Year Acquired Year that the object was acquired by the institution. 2010 Museum Donation or Purchase? How did the museum acquire the object(s)? Select from drop-down list. Loan Last Known Price, Valuation or Estimate The most recent reported price, valuation or estimate of the object. Should be displayed in USD, alongside list price in original currency. USD $1,500,000 Year of Last Price Year of the most recent reported price, valuation or estimate of the object. 2005 Repatriated? Repatriation status of the object. Select from drop-down list. Yes Year Returned Year of the return of the object to its country of origin. 2017 Sending Country Country from which the object was returned during repatriation. Select from drop-down list. USA Returning Entity Institution or individual that returned the object to its country of origin (not a law enforcement agency). Metropolitan Museum of Art Prosecuting Entity The prosecutorial entity involved in the object’s repatriation. Manhattan District Attorney's Office Receiving Country Country that received the object during repatriation. Select from drop-down list. Lebanon Reason for Return Why the object was returned. Select from list: Law enforcement seizure; court ordered civil forfeiture; claim from country of origin; voluntary return absent a forfeiture or claim; or other. Law Enforcement Seizure Images Source of the images uploaded to this record. Images should be labeled A, B, C, etc. For links, use a stable URL via Internet Archive. <a href="https://chasingaphrodite.com/2017/09/24/the-sidon-bulls-head-court-record-documents-a-journey-through-the-illicit-antiquities-trade/">https://chasingaphrodite.com/2017/09/24/the-sidon-bulls-head-court-record-documents-a-journey-through-the-illicit-antiquities-trade/</a> Alternate Name(s) Other names by which the object or group is known; these may be formal titles, museum titles or colloquial titles, if different from the above Object or Group Name. The Temple of Eshmun Head Case Summary Narrative summary of the object’s looting, identification by authorities and repatriation. The journey of an ancient sculpture of a bull’s head illuminates many of the winding pathways of the antiquities black market– from its theft during the Lebanese civil war and through the hands of multiple dealers and private collectors before ending up at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. On July 8, 1967 the bull's head was excavated from the Temple of Eshmun in Sidon, Lebanon by French archaeologist Maurice Dunand. In 1979, during the Lebanese civil war, the bull's head and other artifacts from the Eshmun excavation were transferred to Beirut, where they were stored in a secure location in the Byblos Citadel. The bull's head remained in the citadel until 1981, when armed members of the Phalangist paramilitary group seized it among several other artifacts. After negotiations with the antiquities directorate, the Phalangists returned many of the objects to the citadel, but the bull’s head and dozens of other objects disappeared into the black market. According to court records, in subsequent years the bull's head was associated with various antiquities dealers, including George Lotfi in Beirut and Frieda Tchacos in Zurich. On April 11, 1991, four sculptures stolen from Eshmun appeared in an auction by the Numismatic & Ancient Art Gallery in Zurich before they were seized and returned to Lebanon. In December 1994, Sotheby’s offered a male torso and a sarcophagus fragment from Eshmun for sale. Both were eventually seized and returned to Lebanon. Several more Eshmun objects were recovered over the years. On May 18, 1996, the Bull's Head appeared in shipping documents being delivered to London dealer Robin Symes' New York penthouse at the Four Seasons' Hotel on 57th Street. On November 27 of the same year, Symes sold the head for USD$1.2 million to collectors Lynda and William Beierwaltes of Colorado, who placed it in their living room. "There was not a whisper – not even the faintest hint of a whisper – about whether it was a lawful antiquity," wrote Assistant Manhattan District Attorney of Matthew Bogdanos in his later search warrant application. "Indeed, the lawfulness of the Bull’s Head (C-17) does not appear to have been part of any documented conversation between the Beierwaltes and Symes.” In 1998, forensic archaeologist Christos Tsirogiannis identified several looted antiquities in the Beierwaltes Collection after their artifacts appeared on display in their home in an article in House and Garden. In 2004, the Beierwaltes asked Max Bernheimer, Head of Christie's Ancient Art & Antiquities Department, to appraise the collection. He concluded the collection of 115 antiquities was worth USD $51.5 million. Their main supplier had been Robin Symes, who sold the collectors 97 of the objects. The following year, the Beierwaltes approached Hicham Aboutaam at Phoenix Ancient Art about selling the collection, including the Bull's Head, for USD $95 million. The head was shipped from Colorado to the Geneva Freeport in 2006. In 2008, Phoenix requested a search for the head on the Art Loss Register, a commercial database of stolen art. No match was found because, it was later discovered, the company had failed to enter data on the thefts that was collected in 2000. Phoenix published the head in their catalog for their 24th Biennale des Antiquaires at the Grand Palais in Paris. In September of 2009, the head was shipped to New York where hedge fund billionaire and antiquities collector Michael Steinhardt expressed an interest in buying it. Steinhardt purchased the Bull's Head in August 2010 for $700,000. In October of the same year, he loaned the head to the Metropolitan Museum of Art, which described its provenance as “Ex-American private collection, collected in 1980’s-1990’s.” In April of 2014, Carlos Picon, the Met's curator of Greek and Roman art, noticed that the head appeared to be similar to the one that disappeared from Eshmun. The artifact was quietly removed from display and Aboutaam was notified. The same month, the Beierwaltes' re-acquired the head from Steinhardt for $560,000 ($700,000 minus Aboutaam’s 20% commission). It stayed with the couple until October 2016, when the Met's General Counsel Sharon Cott wrote to Steinhardt stating that the Met intended to notify Lebanese authorities about the stolen head. William Pearlstein, the Beierwaltes’ attorney, acknowledged that the head was likely the one found in Eshmun but asked the Met not to contact Lebanese authorities. On December 5, 2016, Met Director Thomas Campbell notified Lebanon that the head on loan was looted from Sidon. A month later, Sarkis Khoury, the Lebanese Director General of Antiquities, requested the return of the artifact. He also wrote to the Beierwaltes with a similar demand in March 2017. Acting on the request from Lebanese authorities, the Manhattan DA’s office seized the Bull’s Head from the Met on July 7 of 2017. Size General size of the object (numbered 1-5); 1 - small or fragmentary (e.g. coins or sherds) 2 - medium (e.g. most vases) 3 - large (e.g. between a bread box and an adult) 4 - extra large (i.e. adult human sized) 5 - monumental (larger than an adult human) 3 Current Location Place where the object is currently held. Provide as much information as possible (Institution, City and Country, when known). Lebanon Value in 2024 US Dollars Value in 2024 US Dollars, adjusted for inflation. Use inflation calculator here: https://www.oanda.com/currency-converter/en/?from=EUR&to=USD&amount=1 2,340,261 See Also Additional records within MOLA that are other objects of interest. These are objects related to a larger collection. Breakout records have omitted 2024 Value information and Number of Objects. <a href="https://mola.omeka.net/items/show/1212">Michael Steinhardt Collection</a> Law Enforcement Entity The law enforcement entities that investigated the object before its repatriation. Manhattan DA Operation Name The trafficking network, or the name given to investigation by law enforcement entity. Steinhardt Investigations Criminal Behaviors Alleged Criminal behavior associated with the case. Please select all that apply. Modern conflict looting Theft (stolen from a documented collection, rather than looted) Peer Reviewed By Person who peer reviewed this record. Jason Felch Research Notes Any additional notes about research questions, issues or further research needed. To add when live: See also <a href="https://mola.omeka.net/items/show/2113">Eshmun Torso</a> <a href="https://mola.omeka.net/items/show/2114">Eshmun Sarcophagus</a> Dublin Core The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/. Title A name given to the resource Sidon Bull's Head Lebanon Metropolitan Museum of Art Michael Steinhardt